2.1            INTRODUCTION

            In this chapter, various literatures relating to the study have been briefly reviewed. The entire literatures have been organised under the following groups.

    • Existing accident analysis software
    • Accident analysis studies using GIS

2.2            EXISTING ACCIDENT ANALYSIS SOFTWARES

“A GIS accident system to accompany care”, (University Transport Center for Alabama-2005). This project developed a Geographic Information System (GIS) interface to access the crash data exported using the exported using the CARE software package. With advanced spatial query and display capabilities, the GIS- base system will enhance crash data query and display features. The system includes instant graphical access, enabling viewing and selecting of desired network locations (nodes and links). In addition to the interface development, this project examined the quality of incorporating data extracted using CARE on to the roadway network. The quality of data within the system was evaluated to see if the system was providing accurate tools for analysis to ensure proper decisions regarding application of safety funds for roadway improvements. The final focus of this project was examination of tools and stastical procedures to identify high accident locations within the case study countries.

 

            “GIS- based Crash Referencing and Analysis System”, (Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), north Carolina). It provides the functions needed to edit tabular and spatial crash and roadway data and to perform crash analysis. The HSIS data bases incorporated in to the system include the crash and roadway inventory files. Additional databases maintained by the North Carolina Department of Transportation ( DOT) that were integrated into the system included the traffic signal inventory, pavement management/ condition inventory, railroad grade crossing inventory, and the average daily traffic file. Also included in the system are data bases that are not traditionally used in safety analyses, such as land-use and zoning ordinance files for Wake Country and the TIGER census files containing population and demographic information.

 

            “Crash Analysis System” this system is developed in New Zealand which can be accessed by a particular group through Virtual Private Network technology.

            CAS is an integrated high tech computer system provides tools to:

    •       Collect
    •        Map
    •        Query
    •        And report on road crash and related data

             “GIS- Based Accident Location and Analysis System (GIS-ALAS)”, (Iowa Department of Transportation). GIS- Based Accident Location and Analysis System (GIS-ALAS) has been developed in response to these concerns. GIS-ALAS reproduces most of the query and reporting functions of PC-ALAS, but in GIS-ALAS provides graphical data access, enabling the user to view and select desired locations on the network, eliminating the need for node tables and paper maps. Query results can be displayed in both map and tubular form, thereby creating more easily interpreted query results and prompting the analysis of accident patterns and causal relationships.

 

            MAAP (Microcomputer Accident Location and Analysis Package), followed in UK MAAP is rapidly becoming one of the most useful and increasingly widespread pieces of software developed by TRL, with satisfied customers throughout the UK as well as places such as Jamaica, Saudi Arabia, Mauritius, and Indonesia. MAAP provides the accident investigator with the latest techniques in accident data storage and analysis. Its tools to identify and analyse the problems with accidents, and for isolating common features in accidents, are sophisticated yet simple enough to use to provide a high level of productivity.

            MAAP’s extensive facilities include accident, causality and vehicles cross tabulation with graphical presentation of cluster analysis and stick diagram analysis. Accidents can be displayed and analysed by location by use of scanned or vector maps of the area concerned using MAAP’s Geographical Information System. Data handling with MAAP is based on an access or SQL server database and affords the user numerous benefits which include, amongst another:

    • A simple user-friendly data entry interface with data validation.
    • Data storage on a PC for a single user or small network, or to any industry standard network using a SQL server database.
    • Intrinsic multi-user capability.
    • Flexible and powerful data security

            MAAP is a user configurable product. It has been designed for use by Police Forces, Local Authorities, International Governments and Highway Network Authorities. It is used as a tool for the storage and analysis of road traffic accident data. Each            copy of MAAP for windows is configured for the individual needs of each customer- in particular, adapting the program to the customer’s accident report form, maps and databases. Sometimes the package is included as part of a Road Traffic Safety Project funded by an external agency. MAAP can be provided in any language, and we currently have English, Arabic, Greek, Turkish, Russian and Vietnamese versions.

 

2.3            ACCIDENT ANALYSIS STUDIES USING GIS

            “Application of GIS is an Accident Analysis”, T. Caroline, Anna University, 2001. The aim of the study is to investigate the accident problem on the east coast road from Chennai to Mamallapuram is 50 km long with the following objectives:

  • To build a database for accidents.
  • To identify the high accident – prone stretches and priorities the vulnerable links in that stretch.
  • To investigate the causative factors for the occurrence of accidents.
  • To recommend mitigation measures to reduce the accident.

            This study identify the defect in the highway alignment          

“Evaluation of Accident Prone Zones Using GIS”, C.Sundaraaj, Anna University, 2004. The objective of the study is

    •        To evaluate the accident prone zone on roads.
    •        To identify the vulnerable zone among those evaluated zone.
    •        To analyse the causative factor for the accident.

In this study he has use two methods to prioritise the accident zone.

    •       Accident prone index method
    •      Weighted severity index method

 

 “Decision support system for intersection collision avoidance using GIS”- A case study of Chennai- M.Kanakaraj 2000, the objective of the study are.

  • Building a database on intersection accidents within Chennai city using GIS
  • Identify the accident prone intersection within study area
  • Analyse the causes for intersection accidents
  • Formulate proposals to reduse the accident free.

            The decision support system is developed to identify and prioritise accident prone intersection using Arc View. The accident data, traffic volume data, intersection geometry data and primary data are collected to develop the database. The fifteen highest ranked intersections in Chennai city are identified through an evolution process based on number of accidents at a location, the accident severity and the accident rate per million vehicles entering the intersections. The top two intersections such as edge point and koyembegu intersections were analysed and possible causes add counter measures are suggested.

2.4       INFERENCE

            It has been that an effective accident recording and analysis is an essential basic tool to plan accident reduction measures. GIS is a best option for accident analysis system.

            So far no system is available in India for usage of all agencies is GIS platform. Web based GIS analysis system will be the most suitable and preferred for road accident analysis.

 
 

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